Systematics of the Leafhopper Subfamily Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and the Tribe Chiasmini: Phylogeny, Classification, and Biogeography
Zahniser, James Norman
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https://hdl.handle.net/2142/86469
Description
Title
Systematics of the Leafhopper Subfamily Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and the Tribe Chiasmini: Phylogeny, Classification, and Biogeography
Author(s)
Zahniser, James Norman
Issue Date
2008
Doctoral Committee Chair(s)
Dietrich, Christopher H.
Department of Study
Entomology
Discipline
Entomology
Degree Granting Institution
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Degree Name
Ph.D.
Degree Level
Dissertation
Keyword(s)
Biology, Zoology
Language
eng
Abstract
Based on the number of described species, the leafhopper subfamily Deltocephalinae is the largest subfamily of Cicadellidae, containing ∼850 genera and over 6200 described species. Chapter 1 provides a detailed introduction to this subfamily and to the tribe Chiasmini. Chapter 2 presents a phylogenetic analysis of Deltocephalinae and related subfamilies. The data set included 2814 aligned positions of the 28S rDNA gene region, 353 bp of the Histone H3 nuclear protein coding gene, and 119 morphological characters for 114 included exemplar species representing nearly all tribes of Deltocephalinae and related subfamilies and five outgroup taxa. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed strong support for many of the longer branches near the base and near the tips of the trees, but little support for the shorter internal branches. Nearly all of the grass/sedge specializing tribes were resolved in one relatively derived clade, and it appears that grass or sedge feeding was lost at least twice in this clade. Chapter 3 provides a history of the classification of Deltocephalinae over the past 60 years, and based on the analyses in Chapter 2, a revised classification of the subfamily and its tribes is proposed. Five taxa previously considered to be separate subfamilies (Acostemminae, Arrugadinae, Drakensbergeninae, Mukariinae, and Stegelytrinae) are considered synonyms of Deltocephalinae. The subfamily is redescribed and descriptions of all 36 included tribes and habitus images for most tribes are provided. Two new tribes, Faltalini and Scaphoideini, are described. Chapter 4 presents a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grassland tribe Chiasmini (16 genera, 324 described species) and examines its biogeographic history. The classification of the tribe and its genera and the phylogeny and biogeographic scenarios for Exitianus proposed by Ross (1968) are tested with molecular data. Chiasmini was resolved in two well supported clades, each of which originated in the Old World. The New World species group of Exitianus is inferred to have colonized the New World through long distance dispersal from an ancestor in the Ethiopian region, and to have colonized South America first, then North America. The biogeographic history of the other New World chiasmines is less clear. In Chapter 5, the circumscription of Chiasmini is revised, a key to all included genera is provided, several generic synoymies are proposed, and 7 new species from the Old World are described.
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