Effects of protein sources and processing conditions on protein quality in canine nutrition

Hsu, Shih Pin (Clare)

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https://hdl.handle.net/2142/122243 Copy

Description

Title

Effects of protein sources and processing conditions on protein quality in canine nutrition

Author(s)

Hsu, Shih Pin (Clare)

Issue Date

2023-11-30

Director of Research (if dissertation) or Advisor (if thesis)

de Godoy, Maria R C

Doctoral Committee Chair(s)

de Godoy, Maria R C

Committee Member(s)

• Swanson, Kelly S
• Fahey Jr., George C
• Parsons, Carl M

Department of Study

Animal Sciences

Discipline

Animal Sciences

Degree Granting Institution

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Degree Name

Ph.D.

Degree Level

Dissertation

Keyword(s)

• canine
• extrusion
• hydrolyzed protein
• metabolomics
• nutrition
• protein
• pulses

Abstract

Protein quality is an essential aspect to consider when manufacturing complete and balanced pet foods in order to meet the protein requirements of the animals. Pet owners also view protein ingredients in the products as a determining characteristic of a purchase. Therefore, the present studies were conducted to examine the effect of manufacture processing and alternative protein ingredients on protein quality in canine diets. The first aim was to determine the effect of different parameters of extrusion, the most common manufacturing method for pet foods, on taurine availability and various types of protein ingredients, namely chicken byproduct meal, chicken slurry, yellow pea, green lentil, and garbanzo bean. The second aim was to examine alternative protein sources, such as pulses and hydrolyzed proteins, for their digestibility, protein quality, and physiological effects on adult canines. The third aim was to understand the overall mechanism of how hydrolyzed proteins as alternative protein sources could affect metabolic pathways in healthy adult dogs. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to test the amino acid digestibility and Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)-like values of 8 grain-free diets: chicken byproduct meal diet (CON), chicken slurry diet (SLR), chicken slurry + yellow pea diet (SLR+YP), yellow pea diet (YP), green lentil diet (GL), garbanzo bean diet (GB), chicken slurry + taurine diet (SLR+TAU), and chicken slurry + yellow pea + taurine diet (SLR+YP+TAU). When considering extrusion parameters, both single screw and twin screw extruders produced well-digested diets with good protein quality, regardless of the main protein source being pulses or chicken. However, the twin screw extruder required less specific mechanical energy than the single screw extruder while the specific thermal energy was similar; thus, utilizing the twin screw extruder would be the more efficient processing method. Taurine contents from natural or synthetic taurine sources were not affected by preconditioning or extrusion. On the other hand, the preconditioning and extrusion processing decreased the anti-nutritional factors that were present in the raw materials and increased amino acid digestibility. To examine the long-term effect of consuming pulses-based diets in different breeds of dogs, 4 experimental dry foods were made: high animal protein grain-inclusive diet (HA-GI), low animal protein grain-free diet (LA-GF), low animal protein grain-inclusive diet (LA-GI), and high animal protein grain-free diet (HA-GF). The diets were assigned to 32 beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds for the 180 d treatment period with a complete randomized design. All diets were well-digested by both beagles and hounds. In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had higher (P < 0.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not seen in beagles. There were higher concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in the HA-GI group than LA-GF group (P < 0.05). Dogs that consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary bile acid content compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Fecal microbiota was also shifted by LA-GF with a higher abundance of oligosaccharide fermenting bacteria. Hydrolyzed protein, another alternative protein source, was examined for its protein quality and functional properties in the current research. A precision-fed rooster assay showed chicken liver and heart hydrolysate (CLH) and chicken hydrolysate (CH) had higher (P < 0.05) DIAAS-like values than traditional chicken meal (CM) but the standardized amino acid digestibility was above 80% for all 3 ingredients. The combination of methionine and cysteine was the first-limiting amino acid for CLH and CH while the combination of phenylalanine and tyrosine was the first-limiting amino acid for CM, according to the Association of American Feed Control Officials and the National Research Council for adult canine at maintenance. Five treatment diets were made using the 3 test protein ingredients as the main protein source with different levels of substitution from CM to protein hydrolysates: CM (25%) diet (CONd), 5% CLH plus 20% CM diet (5% CLHd), chicken liver and heart hydrolysate (25%) diet (CLHd), 5% CLH plus 20% CM diet (5% CHd), and chicken hydrolysate (25%) diet (CHd). It was observed from the canine study that fecal butyrate concentration was higher while fecal isovalerate and total phenol/indole were lower in dogs fed CLHd than CONd (P < 0.05). In accordance with the fecal metabolites, microbiota was shifted by CLHd with higher abundance in Ruminococcus gauvreauii group as well as lower Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Sutterella, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides when compared with CONd (P < 0.05). The metabolome analysis from plasma and fecal samples showed that the test protein hydrolysates influenced protein and lipid metabolism in healthy adult dogs while all dogs remained healthy. Both test protein hydrolysates showed indications of higher digestibility than traditional CM. In addition, CLH showed potential for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. On the other hand, CH demonstrated the potential to affect bile acid metabolism. In conclusion, pulses and hydrolyzed protein ingredients could be used as alternative protein sources to substitute traditional proteins in complete and balanced diets. It was observed that the test protein hydrolysates were of higher protein quality than CM; however, plant proteins would need complementary sources or additional amino acids to meet the amino acid requirements. Pulses, with a high soluble fiber content, had an impact on hindgut fermentation with higher saccharolytic metabolites, lower proteolytic metabolites, and shifted microbiota. The hydrolyzed protein made from chicken liver and heart showed potential for modulating gut microbiota with a beneficial shift and anti-inflammation/oxidation functionalities. The hydrolyzed protein made from chicken meat, alternatively, exhibited the ability to alter bile acid metabolism. Regarding diet manufacturing, extrusion by either a single screw or twin screw extruder did not have a negative impact on taurine levels but increased the amino acid digestibility of the test grain-free diets.

Graduation Semester

2023-12

Type of Resource

Thesis

Copyright and License Information

Copyright 2023 Shih Pin (Clare) Hsu

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