University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Spray dried plasma increases nutrient digestibility, improves growth performance, and modulates the inflammatory response of weaned pigs and sows

Bailey, Hannah Marie

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BAILEY-DISSERTATION-2022.pdf

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https://hdl.handle.net/2142/115504

Description

Title
Spray dried plasma increases nutrient digestibility, improves growth performance, and modulates the inflammatory response of weaned pigs and sows
Author(s)
Bailey, Hannah Marie
Issue Date
2021-12-21
Director of Research (if dissertation) or Advisor (if thesis)
Stein, Hans H
Doctoral Committee Chair(s)
Dilger, Ryan N
Committee Member(s)
  • Emmert, Jason L
  • Pan, Yuan-Xiang
Department of Study
Nutritional Sciences
Discipline
Nutritional Sciences
Degree Granting Institution
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Degree Name
Ph.D.
Degree Level
Dissertation
Keyword(s)
  • cytokines
  • digestibility
  • growth performance
  • lactating sows
  • spray dried plasma
  • weaned pigs
Abstract
Eight experiments were conducted to investigate effects of spray dried plasma (SDP) on nutrient and energy digestibility, growth performance, post-weaning diarrhea, and immune response of weanling pigs and lactating sows. The first 2 experiments were conducted to determine the effect of including SDP in a phase 1 diet fed to newly weaned pigs on energy and nutrient digestibility of a subsequent diet. At weaning, 16 gilts and 24 barrows were fed a phase 1 diet without or with 6% SDP until a common phase 2 diet without SDP was fed beginning on d 18 post-weaning when gilts were cannulated [body weight (BW): 6.92 ± 0.42 kg] or on d 21 post-weaning when barrows (BW: 9.37 ± 1.40 kg) were moved into individual metabolism crates. Results indicated that apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of acid hydrolyzed ether extract, starch, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), total dietary fiber (TDF), Ca, and P in the phase 2 diet were not affected by inclusion of SDP in the phase 1 diet. Experiments 3 and 4 were conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary SDP increases the digestibility of energy and nutrients originating from other ingredients in the diet. Four phase 2 diets were prepared without SDP and contained cereal grains used in the U.S.A. (corn), Canada (wheat and barley), the European Union (corn, wheat, and barley), and Asia (corn and rice). Four additional diets were prepared by mixing 94% of the previous 4 diets with 6% SDP. Diets were fed to ileal cannulated barrows (BW: 9.30 ± 0.63 kg) or barrows (BW: 9.30 ± 0.97 kg) housed in individual metabolism crates. Differences between measured and predicted values for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and ATTD of energy and nutrients and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in the mixed diets with SDP were calculated. The measured SID of CP and most AA was greater (P < 0.05) than predicted in the Canada diet, no differences were observed between measured and predicted values for the European Union and the Asia diets, and few differences were observed in the U.S.A. diet. The measured ATTD of TDF was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted for the U.S.A. and European Union diets, and the measured ATTD of GE, N, Ca, and P and the STTD of P was greater (P < 0.05) than the predicted for the Asia diet compared with the other diets. It was, therefore, concluded that addition of 6% SDP to diets including wheat and barley may increase the SID of CP and AA, and for diets based on rice, SDP may increase the ATTD of energy and nutrients and the STTD of P in the diet. Experiments 5 and 6 tested the hypotheses that 6% SDP complements low CP in a phase 1 diet by improving growth performance, decreasing diarrhea incidence, and reducing inflammation of weanling pigs, and that these parameters will continue to improve for pigs if 2.5% SDP is included in the phase 2 diet. In experiment 5, 160 newly weaned pigs (BW: 5.89 ± 0.39 kg) were fed one of 4 phase 1 diets for 14 d post-weaning: 2 diets had 23.0% CP without or with 6% SDP and 2 diets had 18.5% CP without or with 6% SDP. Results indicated that pigs fed 23% dietary CP had greater (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) than pigs fed 18.5% dietary CP, and pigs fed 6% SDP had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F than pigs fed no dietary SDP. There was a reduction (P < 0.05) in diarrhea scores for pigs fed 18.5% dietary CP compared with pigs fed the diet with 23% dietary CP, but diarrhea scores were not influenced by dietary SDP. Circulating cytokine interleukin- (IL-) 2 decreased (interaction, P < 0.05) and interferon gamma, IL-6, and IL-18 tended to decrease (interaction, P < 0.10) on d 7 and 14 if 6% SDP was included in the 18.5% CP diet, but this was not the case if 6% SDP was included in the 23% CP diet. Decreased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines may indicate a reduction in inflammatory response of pigs fed the diet with 6% SDP and low CP, but based on the observation that this combination did not improve growth performance or diarrhea of pigs during the initial 14 d post-weaning, experiment 6 was conducted. Three-hundred pigs (BW: 6.36 ± 0.78 kg) were fed a low CP diet without or with 6% SDP from d 1 to 14 post-weaning and fed one of 4 phase 2 diets with 2 levels of SDP (0 or 2.5%) and 2 levels of CP (normal or low) from d 15 to 28 post-weaning. Results indicated that pigs fed the phase 1 diet with 6% SDP did not continue to have improved ADG, ADFI, or final BW in phase 2 if 2.5% SDP was included in the low CP diet. However, diarrhea incidence during phase 2 was less (P < 0.05) if 2.5% SDP was included in the phase 2 diet compared with the diet without SDP or if pigs were fed the low CP phase 2 diet compared with the normal CP diet. Ileal mucosa IL-1α and IL-1β decreased (P < 0.05) and IL-6 and IL-12 tended to decrease (P < 0.10) on d 28 if pigs were fed the phase 1 diet with 6% SDP than the phase 1 diet without SDP, and addition of 2.5% SDP to the phase 2 diet decreased (P < 0.05) IL-1β in the ileal mucosa on d 28 compared with the phase 2 diet without SDP. Based on the observation that dietary SDP in phase 1 or phase 2 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestine of pigs, experiment 7 was conducted to test the hypothesis that greater inclusion of SDP in diets reduces inflammation in weaned pigs undergoing a sanitation challenge. For 14 d post-weaning, 400 pigs (BW: 6.05 ± 0.80 kg) were fed a phase 1 diet containing 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8% SDP. Results indicated that mucosal IL-2 in the jejunum on d 14 tended to be least (quadratic, P < 0.10) at 8% inclusion of SDP and IL-8 tended to increase (linear, P < 0.10) as SDP inclusion increased in the diet. Ileal mucosa IL-10 tended to be least at 4 or 6% dietary SDP, but increased with 8% dietary SDP (quadratic, P < 0.10). In the blood, the ratio of activated to regulatory-T cells from d 7 to 14 tended to be greatest at 4% dietary SDP, but then decreased as dietary SDP increased (quadratic, P < 0.10), whereas lymphocytes linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as SDP increased in the diet. It was, therefore, concluded that 8% dietary SDP may increase mucosal cytokine synthesis, but the adaptive immune response was not over-stimulated by 8% SDP. Experiment 8 tested the hypotheses that during heat stress (26.6 ± 4.8oC), sows in late gestation and throughout lactation fed a diet with 0.5% SDP have improved litter performance and reduced systemic inflammation, and that pigs weaned from sows fed 0.5% SDP have improved growth performance during the initial 14 d post-weaning. Results indicated that there was no effect of SDP on the number of total born pigs, but the percent of low vitality pigs during lactation was less (P < 0.05) for sows fed 0.5% dietary SDP compared with sows fed the diet without SDP. Serum cytokines increased (P < 0.05) throughout lactation if 0.5% SDP was included in the diet, but the weight loss of sows during lactation tended to be less (P < 0.10) if 0.5% SDP was included in the diet. Results indicated that feeding lactating sows a diet with 0.5% SDP did not affect the performance of weaned pigs during the initial 14 d post-weaning. In conclusion, dietary SDP increases the ileal and total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients for ingredients with low AA digestibility or low fiber concentration. Dietary SDP improves ADG, ADFI, G:F, and BW of pigs if fed for 14 or 28 d post-weaning and reduces weight loss of sows if fed throughout lactation. Dietary SDP also increases circulating cytokines in lactating sows, but if SDP is fed to weanling pigs in combination with low CP for 14 or 28 d post-weaning, intestinal and circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are decreased.
Graduation Semester
2022-05
Type of Resource
Thesis
Handle URL
https://hdl.handle.net/2142/115504
Copyright and License Information
Copyright 2022 Hannah Bailey

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Graduate Dissertations and Theses at Illinois PRIMARY
Graduate Theses and Dissertations at Illinois